Lesión hepática inducida por consumo de Valeriana officinalis y Passiflora incarnata, reporte de caso / Hepatic injury induced by the consumption of Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata, a case report

Los medicamentos homeopáticos y fitoterapéuticos que contienen productos herbarios son cada vez más utilizados, sin embargo, se desconoce el potencial de efectos adversos por parte de los usuarios y personal sanitario. Se reporta el caso de una mujer de 34 años quien consulta por dolor abdominal y náuseas, con alteraciones al ingreso de función hepática con patrón hepatocelular, se descartaron múltiples etiologías y se consideró que pudiera ser lesión hepática medicamentosa secundaria al consumo de medicamentos desde hacía una semana para dismenorrea, y a fitoterapéuticos que consumía de forma crónica, los cuales se suspendieron. A los doce días de su egreso, reingresó por sintomatología similar; se documentó nuevamente perfil hepático con patrón hepatocelular. Al reinterrogatorio, la paciente comentó la ingesta crónica de Valeriana officinalis y Passiflora incarnata, que retomó al egreso hospitalario, por lo que luego de descartar diagnósticos diferenciales, se consideró que el cuadro era inducido por el consumo de dichos medicamentos. Durante la hospitalización se suspendió su consumo, con normalización del perfil hepático. Es importante que los consumidores estén informados sobre los riesgos potenciales de los productos herbarios, sus efectos por consumos prolongados y las implicaciones de la autoformulación.

Homeopathic and phytotherapeutic medicines containing herbal products are increasingly used, however the potential for adverse effects on users and healthcare personnel is unknown. We report the case of a 34-year-old woman who consulted for abdominal pain and nausea, accompanied by hepatocellular pattern on liver function tests. Multiple etiologies were ruled out and it was considered that it could be a drug-induced liver injury secondary to the consumption of medications she had been taking a week prior for dysmenorrhea, and phytotherapeutics that she had been taking for seve-ral years, which were all discontinued. Twelve days after her discharge, she was readmitted due to similar symptoms; a liver profile with a hepatocellular pattern was again documented. Upon further questioning, the patient mentioned a chronic intake of Valeriana officinalis and Passiflora incarnata, which she resumed upon discharge. After ruling out the differential diagnoses, it was concluded that the symptoms of the patient were induced by the consumption of these herbal products. During hos-pitalization, their consumption was suspended, with normalization of the liver profile. It is important that consumers are informed about the potential risks of herbal products, their effects from long-term use, and the implications of self-medication.

Produtos fitoterápicos manipulados em um laboratório de manipulação no Estado do Paraná / Phytotherapeutic products handled in a handling laboratory in the State of Paraná / Productos fitoterapéuticos manipulados en un laboratorio de manipulación en el Estado de Paraná

As plantas medicinais foram os primeiros recursos terapêuticos obtidos pelos povos e há registros do seu uso em todos os momentos da História, por grande parte das civilizações. No Brasil, o uso das plantas medicinais é resultado dos conhecimentos de três populações: indígena, europeia e africana. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a manipulação mensal de um laboratório de fitoterápicos na cidade de Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Os dados que foram coletados para a presente pesquisa são: número de cápsulas manipuladas mensalmente para cada um dos fitoterápicos, os quais serão obtidos a partir dos relatórios de manipulação de fitoterápicos mensais no ano de 2021 e individuais de cada unidade de saúde, fornecidos pela Secretaria de Saúde. Não havendo acesso a informações de pacientes e tampouco contato com eles. As informações dos relatórios foram tabuladas em planilha a fim de se estabelecer os três principais fitoterápicos manipulados no período preestabelecido. Trata-se de um estudo de campo, exploratório, documental e retrospectivo. Observamos que a média de manipulação foi de 34.029 cápsulas por mês, os fitoterápicos mais manipulados no ano de 2021, foram: Passiflora incarnata (maracujá), Aesculus hippocastanum (castanha da índia) e Curcuma longa. Também foi possível notar que houve um aumento gradual de dispensações após a capacitação dos profissionais, ocorrida entre junho e setembro. Além disso, verificamos que há uma grande diferença na quantidade dispensada por cada farmácia municipal, possivelmente devido ao nível de conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde e se preferem ou não prescrever aos pacientes.

Medicinal plants were the first therapeutic resources obtained by people and there are records of their use at all times of history, by a large part of civilizations. In Brazil, the use of medicinal plants is a result of the knowledge of three populations: indigenous, European and African. The present work aims to characterize the monthly handling of a plant medicine laboratory in the city of Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. The data that were collected for this research are: number of capsules handled monthly for each one of the phytotherapics, which will be obtained from the reports of handling of monthly phytotherapics in the year 2021 and individual of each health unit, provided by the Secretariat of Health. There is no access to patient information and no contact with them. The information in the reports was tabulated into a spreadsheet in order to establish the three main phytotherapics handled in the pre-established period. This is an exploratory, documentary and retrospective field study. We observed that the average handling was 34,029 capsules per month, the most manipulated phytotherapics in the year 2021, were: Passiflora incarnata (passion fruit), Aesculus hippocastanum (chestnut from India) and Curcuma longa. It was also possible to note that there was a gradual increase in dispensations after the training of professionals, which took place between June and September. In addition, we note that there is a big difference in the amount dispensed by each municipal pharmacy, possibly due to the level of knowledge of health professionals and whether or not they prefer to prescribe to patients.

Las plantas médicas fueron los primeros recursos terapéuticos obtenidos por los pueblos y hay registros de su uso en todo momento de la historia, por una gran parte de las civilizaciones. En Brasil, el uso de plantas medicinales es el resultado del conocimiento de tres poblaciones: indígenas, europeos y africanos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo caracterizar la manipulación mensual de un laboratorio fitoterapéutico en la ciudad de Francisco Beltrão, Paraná. Los datos recogidos para esta investigación son: el número de cápsulas manejadas mensualmente para cada una de las fitoterapias, que se obtendrán de los informes mensuales de manipulación fitoterapéutica en el año 2021 y el individuo de cada unidad de salud, proporcionados por el Departamento de Salud. No hay acceso a la información del paciente ni contacto con ella. La información contenida en los informes se tabuló en una hoja de cálculo para establecer las tres principales fitoterapias manipuladas en el periodo predefinido. Se trata de un estudio de campo, exploratorio, documental y retrospectivo. Observamos que la manipulación media fue de 34.029 cápsulas al mes, las fitoterapias más manipuladas en 2021 fueron: Passiflora incarnata (fruto de la pasión), Aesculus hippocastanum (castaño indio) y Curcuma longa. También es posible señalar que se ha producido un aumento gradual de las dispensaciones después de la capacitación de profesionales, que se llevó a cabo entre junio y septiembre. Además, vemos que existe una enorme diferencia en la cantidad que proporciona cada farmacia municipal, posiblemente debido al nivel de conocimiento de los profesionales de la salud y si prefieren recetarla a los pacientes o no. PALABRAS CLAVE: Fitoterapias; Farmacias Municipales; Curcuma Longa; Passiflora Incarnata; Aesculus Hippocastanum.

Effects of passion fruit (Passiflora tenuifila Killip) intake on eutrophic and obese subjects: Lipidomic approach

Obesity and overweight result in metabolic changes that build up as risk factors for the development of the main non-communicable diseases. Among these alterations, dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CDV) and is expressed in elevated plasma levels of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL, VLDL) and decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Passiflora tenuifila Killip is a native passion fruit species of the Brazilian Midwest region and is a good source of proanthocyanidins and dietary fibers. Proanthocyanidins are a class of phenolic compounds that are attributed with improving lipoprotein profile properties, translated as improved LDL/HDL ratio. Fibers are fermented by the gut microbiota and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), also involved in the regulation of energetic metabolism.. A 30-consecutive-day-long intervention with lyophilized P. tenuifila flour was performed in eutrophic and obese subjects. Passion fruit ingestion increased fecal production of acetate, key SCFA in the modulation of lipid metabolism; reduced body fat percentage in all subjects; and reduced total cholesterol (TC) of subjects who presented basal CT > 130 mg/dL. After the intervention, plasma lipidomic analysis detected 44 statistically significant lipids, regardless of BMI. Considering the study population with altered TC, reduced levels of glycerophospholipids were observed, a lipid class studied for their involvement in CVD. The intake of P. tenuifila contributed to the improvement in cardiovascular risk markers and acts on lipid metabolism. These effects may be due to synergic action between the bioactive compounds in the fruit. Still, other studies are necessary to identify mechanisms related to the action of bioactives of P. tenuifila, which can be better directed by this lipidomic approach

A obesidade e o sobrepeso são preocupações resultam em alterações metabólicas que se acumulam como fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento a longo prazo das principais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Dentre essas alterações, a dislipidemia um importante fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), expressa em níveis plasmáticos elevados de triacilgliceróis, colesterol e das lipoproteínas de baixa densidade (VLDL, LDL), e níveis diminuídos da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL). Passiflora tenuifila Killip é uma espécie de maracujá nativa da região Centro-Oeste brasileira, e é uma boa fonte de proantocianidinas e fibras alimentares. As proantocianidinas são compostos fenólicos com reportados efeitos na melhora do perfil de lipoproteínas, traduzida como a relação LDL/HDL. As fibras são fermentadas pela microbiota intestinal e produzem ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), metabólitos também envolvidos na regulação do metabolismo energético.. Assim, a lipidômica não-target é aplicada como ferramenta exploratória neste estudo: uma intervenção de 30 dias consecutivos de ingestão de P. tenuifila na forma de farinha liofilizada em indivíduos eutróficos e obesos. O consumo do maracujá promoveu aumento da produção fecal de acetato, AGCC importante na modulação do metabolismo lipídico; a redução do percentual de gordura corporal em todos os indivíduos; e redução do colesterol total (CT) para os indivíduos com CT > 130 mg/dL. A análise lipidômica do plasma detectou 44 lipídios estatisticamente relevantes, independentemente do IMC, após a intervenção. Considerando a população do estudo com CT alterado, foi observada uma redução de glicerofosfolipídios, classe de lipídios estudada pelo seu envolvimento em DCV. Assim, a ingestão de P. tenuifila contribui para a melhora nos marcadores de risco cardiovascular e atua no metabolismo lipídico. Estes efeitos podem ser decorrentes de sinergia entre os diversos compostos bioativos do fruto. Ainda, outros estudos são necessários para identificar mecanismos relacionados a ação dos bioativos da P. tenuifila e estes podem ser mais bem direcionados pela lipidômica

Plantas com ação no sistema nervoso central que constam na relação nacional de plantas medicinais de interesse ao sus (RENISUS) / Plants acting on the central nervous system: review plantas com ação no sistema nervoso central que constam na relação nacional de plantas medicinais de interesse ao sus (RENISUS) / Plantas con acción sobre el sistema nervioso central incluidas en la lista nacional de plantas medicinales de interés para sus (RENISUS)

A depressão é uma doença grave que atinge a população em geral, estudos epidemiológicos estimam que a prevalência da depressão ao longo da vida no Brasil está em torno de 15,5%. Os fatores que desencadeiam o aparecimento da depressão incluem fatores sociais, psicológicos, biológicos e também fatores externos específicos como eventos estressantes, solidão, consumo de álcool e drogas, doenças crônicas e dar á luz (depressão pós-parto). O objetivo da presente pesquisa consistiu em realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as principais plantas medicinais com ação antidepressiva. A ansiedade vem se tornando um dos principais problemas da atualidade, sendo intensificada pela pandemia causada pelo coronavírus, onde constatou-se que durante o pico da pandemia onde os casos confirmados de COVID-19 no Brasil ascenderam de 45.757 para 330.890, e as mortes, de 2.906 para 21.048, o sentimento de tristeza/depressão atingiu 40% dos adultos brasileiros. Os sintomas de depressão podem ser amenizados quando a disponibilidade sináptica de monoaminas são aumentadas, e esse aumento pode ocorrer através da diminuição da metabolização desses neurotransmissores. Neste sentido, busca-se através da farmacoterapia a utilização de antidepressivos que disponibilizem as monoaminas na fenda sináptica. A escolha do fármaco é feita com base nos sintomas da depressão e na boa resposta a uma determinada classe de antidepressivos. Em fevereiro de 2009 o Ministério da saúde lançou a Relação Nacional de Plantas Medicinais de Interesse ao SUS (RENISUS), contendo 71 espécies vegetais que são distribuídas de forma in natura nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS). Destas, somente três espécies apresentam efeito antidepressivo e ansiolítico comprovados na literatura sendo Matricharia chamomilla, Erytrinum mulungu e a Passiflora incarnata que também fazem parte da RENISUS. Além destas, outras espécies como a Melissa officinalis, Lippia alba, Valeriana officinalis e Piper methysticum são utilizadas pela população para tratar ansiedade, insônia e depressão, sugerindo desta forma que estas espécies sejam incluídas na RENISUS.

Depression is a serious disease that affects the general population, epidemiological studies estimate that the prevalence of depression throughout life in Brazil is around 15.5%. The factors that trigger the onset of depression include social, psychological, biological and also specific external factors such as stressful events, loneliness, alcohol and drug consumption, chronic diseases and giving birth (postpartum depression). The objective of the present research was to carry out a literature review on the main medicinal plants with antidepressant action. Anxiety has become one of the main problems of today, being intensified by the pandemic caused by the coronavirus, where it was found that during the peak of the pandemic where confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Brazil rose from 45,757 to 330,890, and deaths, from 2,906 to 21,048, the feeling of sadness/depression reached 40% of Brazilian adults. Symptoms of depression can be alleviated when synaptic availability of monoamines is increased, and this increase can occur through decreased metabolization of these neurotransmitters. In this sense, the use of antidepressants that make monoamines available in the synaptic cleft is sought through pharmacotherapy. The choice of drug is based on symptoms of depression and good response to a particular class of antidepressants. In February 2009, the Ministry of Health launched the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the SUS (RENISUS), containing 71 plant species that are distributed in natura form in basic health units (UBS). Of these, only three species have antidepressant and anxiolytic effects proven in the literature, being Matricharia chamomilla, Erytrinum mulungu and Passiflora incarnata, which are also part of RENISUS. In addition to these, other species such as Melissa officinalis, Lippia alba, Valeriana officinalis and Piper methysticum are used by the population to treat anxiety, insomnia and depression, thus suggesting that these species are included in RENISUS.

Los estudios epidemiológicos estiman que la prevalencia de la depresión a lo largo de la vida en Brasil es de alrededor del 15,5%. Los factores que desencadenan la aparición de la depresión son sociales, psicológicos, biológicos y también factores externos específicos, como los acontecimientos estresantes, la soledad, el consumo de alcohol y drogas, las enfermedades crónicas y el parto (depresión posparto). El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre las principales plantas medicinales con acción antidepresiva. La ansiedad se ha convertido en uno de los principales problemas de la actualidad, intensificándose por la pandemia causada por el coronavirus, donde se encontró que durante el pico de la pandemia donde los casos confirmados de COVID-19 en Brasil aumentaron de 45.757 a 330.890, y las muertes, de 2.906 a 21.048, el sentimiento de tristeza/depresión alcanzó el 40% de los adultos brasileños. Los síntomas de la depresión pueden aliviarse cuando se aumenta la disponibilidad sináptica de las monoaminas, y este aumento puede producirse mediante una disminución de la metabolización de estos neurotransmisores. En este sentido, se busca a través de la farmacoterapia el uso de antidepresivos que hagan disponibles las monoaminas en la hendidura sináptica. La elección del fármaco se hace en función de los síntomas de la depresión y de la buena respuesta a una clase concreta de antidepresivos. En febrero de 2009, el Ministerio de Salud lanzó la Lista Nacional de Plantas Medicinales de Interés para el SUS (RENISUS), que contiene 71 especies de plantas que se distribuyen in natura en unidades básicas de salud (UBS). De ellas, sólo tres especies tienen efectos antidepresivos y ansiolíticos probados en la literatura: Matricharia chamomilla, Erytrinum mulungu y Passiflora incarnata, que también forman parte del RENISUS. Además de éstas, otras especies como Melissa officinalis, Lippia alba, Valeriana officinalis y Piper methysticum son utilizadas por la población para tratar la ansiedad, el insomnio y la depresión, lo que sugiere que estas especies se incluyan en el RENISUS.

Caracterización de daño y distribución espacial de Ceroplastes cirripediformis en maracuyá en el Caribe Colombiano / Damage characterization and spatial distribution of Ceroplastes cirripediformis in yellow passion fruit in the Colombian Caribbean

RESUMEN El maracuyá es la principal especie del género Passiflora. Sus principales productores son Brasil, Ecuador, Colombia y Perú con, aproximadamente, 805.000 t/año. En Colombia, se cultivaron 8.164 ha en 2019, con una producción de 137.622 t y un rendimiento promedio de 16.86 t/ha; no obstante, este agroecosistema es afectado por Ceroplastes cirripediformis, que causa daños severos y pérdidas económicas sustanciales. Para conocer su potencial de daño e importancia, se investigó los diferentes grados de infestación y la distribución espacial de C. cirripediformis en el agroecosistema maracuyá. Para esto, se estableció una escala de daño y se elaboró una grilla espacial sobre el cultivo, seleccionando 36 puntos, en los cuales, se realizaron muestreos mensuales, durante seis meses. En cada punto, se evaluó el grado de severidad de la escama y las variables meteorológicas. Con esta información, se estimaron los índices de dispersión, varianza/media, índice de Morisita y exp. K de la binomial negativa. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de correlación (r de Pearson), entre los factores abióticos y los índices evaluados. Los resultados indican que los grados de severidad de C. cirripediformis establecidos fueron: grado 1 (<40 individuos), grado 2 (41-80 individuos), grado 3 (>a 81 individuos). De acuerdo con el análisis de correlación, los factores de temperatura y de precipitación inciden notablemente sobre las poblaciones del cóccido y su distribución. Los índices de dispersión mostraron que las poblaciones en el cultivo de maracuyá se establecen en agregado, por lo que es esencial focalizar estrategias de manejo hacia puntos específicos.

ABSTRACT The passion fruit is the main species of the genus Passiflora. Its main producers are Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru with approximately 805,000 t/year. In Colombia, 8,164 ha were cultivated in 2019, with a production of 137,622 t and an average yield of 16.86 t/ha. However, this agroecosystem is affected by Ceroplastes cirripediformis, which causes severe damage and substantial economic losses. To know its potential for damage and importance, the different degrees of infestation and the spatial distribution of C. cirripediformis in the passion fruit agroecosystem was investigated. For this, a damage scale was established, and a spatial grid was drawn up on the crop, selecting 36 points in which monthly samplings were carried out for six months. At each point, the degree of severity of the scale and the meteorological variables were evaluated. With this information, the dispersion indices, variance/mean, Morisita index, and exp. K of the negative binomial. Likewise, a correlation analysis (Pearson's r) was performed between the abiotic factors and the evaluated indices. The results indicate that the degrees of severity of C. cirripediformis established were: grade 1 (<40 individuals), grade 2 (41-80 individuals), grade 3 (> 81 individuals). According to the correlation analysis, the temperature and precipitation factors have a notable impact on the populations of the coccyx and its distribution. The dispersion indices found in the populations in the passion fruit cultivation were achieved in aggregate, so it is essential to focus management strategies towards specific points.

Agronomic assessment of 32 sour passionfruit genotypes in federal district

The production of passion fruit is important in Brazil. In order to contribute to the development of the most promising cultivars of passion fruit, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of 32 genotypes of passion fruit in Federal District of Brazil, and to estimate genetic parameters for use in breeding programs. Thirty-two genotypes were used in a randomized block design, with eight plants per plot and four replications. The experiment was conducted in field. Twenty-eight harvests were performed, and the variables analyzed were: productivity estimated, total number of fruits per hectare, average fruit weight and these characteristics following classification of fruits in five categories. The genotypes that presented the highest total yield estimated were MAR20 # 23, AR 01 and PLANTA 7. For industrial purposes, genotypes MAR 20 # 21 and BRS Gigante Amarelo were superior. For fresh consumption, the genotypes with the best performance were PLANT 7, AR 01 and MSC. Total productivity estimated and total number of fruits per hectare in the first-class classification showed high values of heritability and CVg/CVe ratio. These results indicate a favorable condition for selection.

Resistance to diseases of sour, sweet and wild passion fruit genotypes

The cultivation of passion fruit is important for Brazil, since the country is currently the largest producer and consumer of fruit in the world. However, the fields of passion fruit still face important problems due to the incidence and severity of diseases in the field. Thus, the present study aimed to assess resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases in 13 genotypes of sour, sweet and wild passion fruit, in field conditions in the Distrito Federal, Brazil. For this, a field experiment was installed in a randomized block design, with four replications and 13 treatments (genotypes). The characteristics of incidence, severity and degree of resistance for bacteriosis, septoriosis, scab and anthracnose diseases were evaluated in 5 fruits per plot of each genotype. Genetic parameters of the evaluated traits were also estimated. High heritability values and CVg/Cve ratio were observed for most of the evaluated characteristics. The genotypes presented mean values of incidence and severity of bacteriosis, septoriosis, scab and anthracnose different among them, and the one that presented the best results in the degree of resistance for all diseases was F1 (MAR20 # 24 x ECL7 P1 R4).

Physicochemical characterization and cosmetic applications of Passiflora nitida Kunth leaf extract

Abstract Passiflora nitida Kunth, an Amazonian Passiflora species, is little studied, although the specie's high biological potential. Herein the plant's pharmacognostic characterization, extract production, antioxidant potential evaluation, and application of this extract in cosmetic products is reported. The physical chemical parameters analyzed were particle size by sieve analysis, loss through drying, extractive yield, total ash content, laser granulometry, specific surface area and pore diameter (SBET), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry (TG), and wave dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (WDXRF). Total phenol/flavonoid content, LC-MS/MS analysis, DPPH and ABTS antioxidant radical assays, cytotoxicity, melanin, and tyrosinase inhibition in melanocytes test provided evidence to determine the content of the major constituent. P. nitida dry extract provided a fine powder with mesopores determined by SBET, with the TG curve showing five stages of mass loss. The antioxidant potential ranged between 23.5-31.5 mg∙mL-1 and tyrosinase inhibition between 400-654 µg∙mL-1. The species presented an antimelanogenic effect and an inhibitory activity of cellular tyrosinase (26.6%) at 25 µg/mL. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the spray-dried extract displayed the main and minor phenolic compounds constituting this sample. The results indicate that P. nitida extract has promising features for the development of cosmetic formulations

Una nueva subespecie de Passiflora lobbii (Passifloraceae) para la vertiente occidental de los Andes peruanos

Se describe Passiflora lobbii subsp. limensis Chávez-Corcuera que se distingue del resto de subespecies de Passiflora lobbii por presentar dos ocelos en la cara abaxial de la lámina, pecíolos con glándulas situadas en su zona media y láminas foliares de mayores dimensiones que el resto. Adicionalmente, se presenta una clave para la determinación de las subespecies de P. lobbii y otros taxones afines, acompañada de una tabla comparativa con los caracteres morfológicos foliares de las subespecies de Passiflora lobbii.

Passiflora lobbii subsp. limensis Chávez-Corcuera is described. It differs from the other subspecies of Passiflora lobbii by presenting two ocelli on the abaxial side of the lamina, petioles with two glands located in its middle zone and larger leaf blades. Additionally, a key for determination of the related taxa and a table with morphological characters of the leaves of subspecies of Passiflora lobbii are presented.

Fruit quality of wild, sweet and yellow passion fruit genotypes in Distrito Federal, Brazil

Despite the importance of passion fruit for the Brazilian fruit market, there are still many agronomic and fruit quality problems to be solved, in order to increase this crop performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of twelve genotypes of wild, sweet and yellow passion fruit, aiming to identify promising materials considering fruit quality, in Federal District, Brazil. An experiment was carried out at the Água Limpa Farm of the Universidade de Brasília (UnB) from 2016 to 2018, in a randomized block design, with 12 treatments, 4 replicates and 6 plants/plot. At the harvesting time, six fruits per plot were randomly collected for the following physicochemical analysis: fruit mass, pulp mass with and without seeds, length/longitudinal diameter, width/transverse diameter, length/width ratio, husk thickness, predominant color of the pulp (L*, C*, h*), number of seeds, seed size, total soluble solids content, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids/total titratable acidity ratio and pH. High heritability values ​​and relation of genetic/environment variation coefficients ratio were observed for most of the characteristics evaluated. The genotypes of yellow passion fruit MAR20#21 P2 x FB 200 P1 R2 and MAR20#19 ROXO R4 x ECRAM P3 R3 showed the best characteristics of fruit mass and pulp mass with seed. All the genotypes studied showed values ​​of total soluble solids above 11ºBrix. Positive and significant correlation was observed between fruit mass and length/width ratio, indicating that oblong fruits have higher fruit mass.

Bioactive content of six passion fruit genotypes cultivated in southern Brazil

Passion fruit production in Brazil is concentrated in tropical regions, however, recently production has expanded to regions with temperate climate. Cultivar performance in different climate and soil can lead to variation in the contents of bioactive compounds in the juice and rind of the fruit. This study characterized the bioactive content of passion fruit rind and juice of six passion fruit genotypes ('Catarina Roxo', 'Catarina', 'Urussanga', 'BRS Gigante Amarelo', 'BRS Rubi do Cerrado', and 'BRS Sol do Cerrado') cultivated in southern Brazil. Phenolic, flavonoid, anthocyanin, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents and the antioxidant potential of each fruit portion from each genotype were evaluated. Fruit composition varied with genotype and evaluated tissue. Bioactive compound contents were greatest in the rind of 'Urussanga' and 'Catarina', whereas the juice of 'BRS Sol do Cerrado' and 'Catarina Roxo' had the greatest bioactive content. Given cultivar and tissue variability for bioactive content, postharvest use of passion fruit will determine the choice of cultivar to obtain a product with maximum bioactive compounds. Passion fruit genotypes evaluated in this study have shown to be potential sources of bioactive compounds. Fruit rind has the potential to be explored in the scientific and technological scope, due to its high amounts of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.

Literature research of Passiflora incarnata and discussion of its traditional Chinese medicine properties / 中国中药杂志

Based on the research literatures of Passiflora incarnata and the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the paper discussed the traditional Chinese medicinal properties of P. incarnate, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the compatibility and application of P. incarnata. The literature databases of CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus were selected, and the literatures relating to P. incarnata were reviewed to screen out the scientific research literatures with a high credibility, rational design and reliable conclusions. Foreign pharmacopoeia was consulted, and the listed products were summarized. The traditional Chinese medicine properties of P. incarnata were studied based on 32 clinical trials, 66 pharmacological researches, 64 chemical constituents researches as well as the theory of traditional Chinese medicine. It was preliminarily concluded that the medicinal properties of P. incarnata are sweet, cool, and enter heart, liver channels. The function is mainly to calm the heart and tranquilizing the mind, and calm the liver wind. It is used for hyperactivity of liver-Yang, stagnation of liver-Qi, restlessness of mind, depression, nervousness, insomnia. This paper summarized the source, characteristics of natures, tastes and channel tropism, usage and dosage, function indications of P. incarnata, and defined its clear traditional Chinese medicine property, which lays a theoretical foundation for the compatibility and clinical application of P. incarnata and Chinese medicine.

Physical characteristics of passionfruit cv. BRS gigante amarelo produced by flowers with three and four carpels / Características físicas do maracujazeiro-azedo cv. BRS gigante amarelo produzido por flores com três e quatro carpelos

The carpel is the female reproductive structure composed of a set of stigma, style and ovary. Normally passionflower have three carpels, however, some cultivars have this structure in greater quantity. The objective of this work was to identify relationships between the number of carpels and the physical characteristics of BRS Gigante Amarelo fruits. The flowers with three and four carpels were marked, pollinated and the fruits harvested from these flowers analyzed for transverse diameter, longitudinal diameter, pericarp thickness, fruit mass, pulp mass, pulp ratio, number and weight of seeds. A completely randomized design with 10 replicates per treatment was used and each plot had the average of 3 fruits. The data were submitted to variance analysis and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. The fruits generated by flowers with 4 carpels were 18,30% heavier, their pulp were on average 20.75% heavier, presented transverse diameter 7,53% superior to that of fruits generated by flowers with 3 carpels. Similar increments were identified regarding the number of seeds and the weight of seeds per fruit that increased 18,85% and 52.42%, respectively. This result indicates that cv. BRS Yellow Giant with 4 carpels generates heavier fruits, pulp and seeds with a more spherical shape.

O carpelo é a estrutura reprodutiva feminina composta por um conjunto de estigma, estilete e ovário. Normalmente as flores de maracujá possuem três carpelos, porém, algumas flores de algumas cultivares apresentam essa estrutura em maior quantidade. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se identificar relações entre o número de carpelos e as características físicas dos frutos da cultivar BRS Gigante Amarelo. Flores com três e quatro carpelos foram marcadas, polinizadas e os frutos colhidos a partir destas flores foram analisados quanto ao diâmetro transversal, diâmetro longitudinal, espessura do pericarpo, massa do fruto, massa da polpa, rendimento de polpa, número e massa das sementes. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 10 repetições por tratamento sendo cada parcela a média de 3 frutos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os frutos gerados por flores com 4 carpelos foram 18,30% mais pesados, sua polpa foi em média 20,75% mais pesada, apresentaram diâmetro transversal 7,53% superior, ao de frutos gerados por flores com 3 carpelos. O mesmo acréscimo foi identificado quanto ao número de sementes e a massa das sementes por fruto que aumentaram 18,85% e 52,42%, respectivamente. Este resultado indica que flores da cv. BRS Gigante Amarelo com 4 carpelos geram frutos, polpa e sementes mais pesados com formato mais arredondado.

Efeito do extrato das folhas da Passiflora edulis na cicatrização da pele em ratos / Efecto del extracto de hoja de Passiflora edulis en la cicatrización de la piel en ratas / Effect of Passiflora edulis leaf extract on skin healing in rats

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do extrato das folhas da Passiflora edulis na cicatrização da pele em ratos, especificamente na área da lesão e na proliferação de fibroblastos. Materiais e método: estudo experimental realizado com 54 ratos da linhagem Wistar, machos, adultos, divididos igualmente em três grupos. A indução das lesões em formato circular na região dorso-cervical foi realizada com o auxílio de um punch trepano de 8 mm. As lesões do grupo de controle foram higienizadas diariamente com água filtrada e sabonete vegetal glicerinado de pH neutro. Os outros dois grupos, além da higienização diária, receberam tratamento com creme contendo extrato a 20 % das folhas da Passiflora edulis, e creme base sem extrato a 20 % das folhas da Passiflora edulis, respectivamente. No 1o, 4o, 7o e 14o dia de tratamento foram obtidas imagens para cálculo da área de lesão. No 4o, 7o e 14o dia de tratamento foram coletados espécimes para análises histológicas. Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos experimentais com relação à comparação de médias da área de lesão e de proliferação de fibroblastos. Conclusões: o uso tópico do extrato a 20 % das folhas da Passiflora edulis não apresentou efeito na área de lesão e na proliferação de fibroblastos na cicatrização da pele em ratos.

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del extracto de hoja de Passiflora edulis en la curación de la piel en ratas, específicamente el área de la lesión y de la proliferación de fibroblastos. Materiales y método: estudio experimental con 54 ratas Wistar macho adultas, divididas por igual en tres grupos. La inducción de lesiones de forma circular en la región dorsocervical se realizó con la ayuda de un punzón de 8 mm. Las lesiones del grupo de control se limpiaron diariamente con agua filtrada y jabón vegetal glicerinado con pH neutro. Los otros dos grupos, además de la limpieza diaria, recibieron tratamiento con crema que contenía extracto al 20 % de las hojas de Passiflora edulis, y crema base sin extracto al 20 % de las hojas de Passiflora edulis, respectivamente. Los días 1, 4, 7 y 14 de tratamiento, se obtuvieron imágenes para calcular el área de la lesión. Los días 4, 7 y 14 de tratamiento, se recolectaron muestras para análisis histológicos. Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos experimentales con respecto a la comparación de las medias del área de la lesión y la proliferación de fibroblastos. Conclusiones: el uso tópico del extracto al 20 % de las hojas de Passiflora edulis no tuvo efecto en el área de la lesión y de la proliferación de fibroblastos en la curación de la piel en ratas.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Passiflora edulis leaf extract on skin healing in rats, specially the lesion area and on fibroblast proliferation. Materials and method: Experimental study with 54 male adult Wistar rats equally divided into three groups. The induction of circular-shaped lesions in the dorso cervical region was performed with the aid of an 8 mm climbing punch. Control group lesions were daily cleaned with filtered water and neutral pH glycerinated vegetable soap. The other two groups, in addition to daily cleansing, received treatment with cream containing 20 % extract of Passiflora edulis leaves and base cream without this extract, respectively. On day 1, 4, 7 and 14 of treatment, images were obtained to calculate the lesion area. On day 4, 7 and 14 of treatment, specimens were collected for histological analysis. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the experimental groups regarding the comparison of means of lesion area and fibroblast proliferation. Conclusion: Topical use of the 20 % extract of Passiflora edulis leaves had no effect on the affected area and the proliferation of fibroblasts on skin healing in rats.

Passiflora ligularis leaf ultrasound-assisted extraction in the optimization of flavonoid content and enhancement of hypoglycemic activity

Among the different metabolites found in the Passiflora species, flavonoids have been related to some of thetherapeutic effects of these plants. In the case of Passiflora ligularis, the presence of these metabolites has beenrelated to a promising hypoglycemic effect. This study aimed to optimize the total flavonoid content of P. ligularisleaf extract to improve its therapeutic activity. The effect of three variables (ethanol percentage, temperature, andtime) on the ultrasound-assisted flavonoid extraction was evaluated by means of response surface methodology. Theeffect of increasing the flavonoid content on the extract activity was evaluated with an in vitro antiglycation assayand an in vivo glucose tolerance test in mice. The optimal extraction conditions were 63% ethanol, 70ºC, and 33minutes. The predicted maximum flavonoid yield (57.77 mg-equivalent isoquercetin/g dry extract) correlated with theexperimental value (59.76 ± 1.90 mg-equivalent isoquercetin/g dry extract) and the extraction process proved to behighly reproducible, suggesting that ultrasound-assisted extraction is a simple, inexpensive, and effective alternativetechnique for the extraction of flavonoids in Passiflora species. Moreover, the optimized extract exhibited the highestantiglycation activity against all the experimental design treatments and showed an enhanced hypoglycemic effect inmice compared to a traditionally extracted beverage.

Phytochemical Identification And Antioxidant Activity Of Passiflora Foetida Fruits And Leaves Extracts: A Comparative Study

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Passiflora foetida fruits and leaves extract. Methods: The parameters observed in this study were phytochemical compounds including alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic, sterol, triterpenoid, saponin, tannin, and cardiac glycoside, total phenolic content Folin Ciocalteu method is based on reduction of Folin Ciocalteu reagent in alkaline medium; the metal complex produced measured at λmax: 760 nm; total flavonoids content with AlCl3 Colorimetric method based on complex formation of AlCl3 and flavonoid content in alkaline medium, the AlCl3-flavonoid complex produced measured at λmax: 510 nm; free radical DPPH scavenging activity; and ferric reducing power based on reduction of Fe3+ion into Fe2+ion that reacted with FeCl3 to form a ferric-ferrous complex that measured at λmax: 700 nm. Results: Passiflora leaves extract has phytochemical compound such as alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, and cardiac glycosides, total phenol was 22.92±0.18 mg GAE/g sample dry base, total flavonoid was 7.01±0.10 mg CE/g sample dry base, DPPH scavenging activity was 2.77±0.02 mg GAE/g sample dry base and ferric reducing power was 3.20±0.04 mg GAE/g sample dry base meanwhile Passiflora fruits extract had phytochemical compounds such as alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, total phenol was 6.53±1.02 mg GAE/g sample dry base, total flavonoids were 1.56±0.27 mg CE/g sample dry base, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 1.00±0.15 mg GAE/g sample dry base, and ferric reducing power was 1.12±0.17 mg GAE/g sample dry base. Conclusion: Passiflora leaves extract has higher total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activity measured by DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing power value compared with Passiflora fruits extract.

Assessment of resistance of hybrids and lineages of passion fruit to bacteriosis under protected cultivation / Avaliação da resistência de híbridos e linhagens de maracujazeiro à bacteriose sob cultivo protegido

Yield and longevity of yellow passion fruit have been reduced by diseases such as the bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. Genetic resistance has been confirmed as the most efficient and economical correct option to minimize this disease problem. Aiming at it, the objective of this research was to evaluate the incidence, severity and progression of the disease in 12 genotypes of sour passion fruit, in seedling stage in nursery greenhouse after inoculation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. The inoculation was performed with an isolate collected in the Pipiripau Rural Nucleus, Brasilia-DF, named UnB-1397 (1x106 CFU/mL), through induction of injuries. There were performed four assessments, with interval of 7 days except the first which was performed 11 days after inoculation. The incidence was estimated by the percentage of plants affected. To evaluate the severity, it was used the diagrammatic scale validated by Costa et al. (2018), with adaptations, using the measurement of the affected area by necrotic lesions on the leaf. All genotypes were susceptible to bacteriosis, 5 being considered moderately susceptible: F1BRS Pérola do Cerrado x Rosa Intenso, Mar20#21, Mar20#15b, Mar20#24xMar20#40 and FB200PL4R2 x Mar20#2005, with a mean of severity ranging from 11 to 25% of injured area in leaves.

A produtividade e a longevidade dos pomares de maracujazeiro-azedo têm sido comprometidas em razão de doenças como a bacteriose, causada por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. A resistência genética tem se confirmado como a opção mais eficiente e econômica para minimizar tal problema. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de 12 genótipos de maracujazeiro, em fase de mudas, sob cultivo protegido, à Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. A inoculação com isolado denominado UnB-1397 (1x106 CFU/mL),coletado no Núcleo Rural de Pipiripau, Brasília-DF, se deu pela indução de ferimentos. Foram realizadas 4 avaliações, com intervalo de 7 dias, sendo a primeira avaliação realizada 11 dias após a inoculação. A incidência foi estimada pela porcentagem de plantas afetadas. Para avaliação da severidade, foi utilizada escala diagramática validada por Costa et al. (2018), com adaptações, utilizando-se a mensuração da área foliar atingida por lesões nas folhas. Todos os genótipos se mostraram suscetíveis à bacteriose, sendo 5 considerados moderadamente suscetíveis: F1 BRS Pérola do Cerrado x Rosa Intenso, Mar20#21, Mar20#15b, Mar20#24 x Mar20#40 e FB200PL4R2 x Mar20#2005, apresentando uma média de severidade que variou de 11 a 25% de área ou tecidos foliares lesionados.

Bromatological characterization of a fermented yoghurt-type milk drink from whey with aloe vera crystals (Aloe barbadensis Miller) and granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) / Caracterización bromatológica de una bebida láctea fermentada tipo yogur a partir de lactosuero con cristales de aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) y granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss)

The aim of this research was to characterize a fermented yogurt-type milk drink that was elaborated from whey with the addition of aloe vera crystals and granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss). Four formulations for characterization were obtained: F1 (control), F2 (5% aloe vera and 15% granadilla), F3 (10% aloe vera and 10% granadilla) and F4 (15% aloe vera and 5% granadilla). Next, a sensory evaluation through a hedonic test was conducted to choose the formulation with the highest acceptance. After the best formulation was chosen, a bromatological and syneresis characterization was performed. The F4 sample had the best results in the sensory evaluation. Compared to the F1 sample, statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in all parameters except in total carbohydrates was observed for the bromatological analysis. In the percentage of syneresis, at the end of the 15 days, F4 presented a lower value in this parameter with respect to the control sample. It could be determined that the higher percentage of aloe vera and the lower percentage of granadilla had a big influence on the parameters evaluated, where it presented the best results compared to the other samples evaluated.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue caracterizar una bebida láctea fermentada tipo yogur que se elaboró a partir de lactosuero con la adición de cristales de aloe vera y granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss). Se obtuvieron cuatro formulaciones para la caracterización: F1 (control), F2 (5% de aloe vera y 15% de granadilla), F3 (10% de aloe vera y 10% de granadilla) y F4 (15% de aloe vera y 5% de granadilla). A continuación, se realizó una evaluación sensorial mediante una prueba hedónica para elegir la formulación de mayor aceptación. Una vez elegida la mejor formulación, se realizó una caracterización bromatológica y de sinéresis. La muestra F4 obtuvo los mejores resultados en la evaluación sensorial. En comparación con la muestra F1, se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) en todos los parámetros, excepto en los carbohidratos totales. En el porcentaje de sinéresis, al final de los 15 días, F4 presentó un valor inferior en este parámetro con respecto a la muestra de control. Se pudo determinar que el mayor porcentaje de aloe vera y el menor porcentaje de granadilla influyeron mucho en los parámetros evaluados, en los que presentó los mejores resultados en comparación con las otras muestras evaluadas.

Obtención de un colorante a partir de corteza de maracuyá con el uso de técnicas convencionales de extracción / Obtaining a dye from passion fruit cortex with the use of conventional extraction techniques

RESUMEN El maracuyá es un fruto tropical que se cultiva primordialmente para la obtención de pulpa, siendo la corteza su principal subproducto que carece, en la actualidad, de interés industrial; sin embargo, con el fin de diversificar los derivados provenientes de la producción de maracuyá, se ha demostrado que la corteza contiene carotenoides, dentro de los que se destaca el β-caroteno y la luteína, que podrían ser utilizados en alimentos, debido a su poder antioxidante e, incluso, como colorante natural alternativo. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un extracto rico en carotenoides a partir de su corteza; para ello, se evaluó la extracción con etanol, mediante tres técnicas: inmersión, baño termostático y soxhlet. El mayor rendimiento, se obtuvo con el método soxhlet; para esta técnica, se estudió el efecto de la concentración de etanol (entre 80% y 90% v/v), la proporción solvente-materia prima (con relaciones entre 40:1 y 50:1) y el tiempo (definido entre 90 y 150 minutos). Los resultados, se analizaron mediante modelo de superficie de respuesta, obteniendo el mayor rendimiento con etanol al 90%, utilizando 50mL/g corteza y 150 minutos de operación. A estas condiciones, el rendimiento de extracción fue de 2208,53µg β-caroteno/100g muestra. Por último, se determinó la diferencia de color entre el extracto óptimo y una solución de tartrazina, evidenciando una diferencia de color de 3,07 unidades cieLAB, lo cual, muestra que el producto de lixiviación de la corteza de maracuyá tiene potencial para su uso como aditivo alimentario, reemplazando colorantes sintéticos, como la tartrazina.

ABSTRACT Passion fruit is a tropical fruit that is usually cultivated to obtain pulp, being the cortex its main not exploited by-product, because of the actual absence of industrial interest. However, with the aim of diversifying the derivates from the production of passion fruit products, it has been demonstrated that the cortex contains carotenoids, such as β-carotene and lutein; which could be used in food due to its antioxidant capacity, or even like a food colorant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain a carotenoid-rich extract from its cortex; for this, three techniques of extraction with ethanol were evaluated, by immersion, thermostatic bath and Soxhlet. Being the last technique that one with which the best yield was obtained. With the highest yield technique, the following factors were evaluated: ethanol concentration on 80% and 90% v/v, solvent-raw material ratio on 40:1 and 50:1 and time on 90 and 150min. The best yield was obtaining to 90% ethanol, 50mL solvent/g raw material and 150min, for an extraction yield of 2208.53µg β-caroten/100 g sample. Finally, the color difference between the optimal extract and a tartrazine solution was determined, evidencing a color difference of 3.07cieLAB units; this shows that the passion fruit leaching product has the potential to be used as a food additive, replacing synthetic dyes such as tartrazine.

Salt stress on physiology, biometry and fruit quality of grafted Passiflora edulis / Estresse salino na fisiologia, biometria e qualidade dos frutos de Passiflora edulis enxertada

The production of grafted passion fruit is an alternative for plant adaptation to saline environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salt stress on physiology, biometry and fruit quality of P. edulis grafted on Passiflora spp. The experiment was conducted in completely randomized design, in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to three species of Passiflora (P. edulis, P. gibertii and P. cincinnata) with P. edulis scion and two levels of irrigation water salinity (0.5 - control and 4.5 dS m-1), with four repetitions. Water salinity compromises gas exchanges (CO2 assimilation raste and transpiration) and physiological variables (total chlorophyll and total water consumption) in grafted P. edulis. The interaction between the factors (water salinity x species) compromised only the growth in plant height and number of leaves. In relation to the species, auto-grafted P. edulis stood out from the other species, with higher internal CO2 concentration, number of leaves, stem dry mass, peel thickness, total soluble solids (TSS) of the pulp and TSS/TA ratio (titratable acidity). Auto-grafted P. edulis under saline conditions develops vital mechanisms (TSS and TSS/TA), which attenuates the effects of salt stress on the physico-chemical quality of the fruits.

A produção de maracujazeiro enxertado é uma alternativa para adaptação das plantas a ambientes salinos. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do estresse salino na fisiologia, biometria e qualidade de frutos de P. edulis enxertado em espécies de Passiflora spp. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, sendo três espécies de Passiflora (P. edulis, P. gibertii e P. cincinnata) tendo como copa P. edulis e dois níveis de salinidade de água de irrigação (0,5 ­ testemunha e 4,5 dS m-1), com quatro repetições. A salinidade da água compromete as trocas gasosas (taxa de assimilação de CO2 e transpiração) e variáveis fisiológicas (clorofila total e consumo hídrico total) em P. edulis enxertado. A interação entre os fatores (salinidade da água x espécie) compromete apenas o crescimento em altura de plantas e número de folhas. Em relação às espécies, o P. edulis auto enxertado se destaca em relação as demais espécies apresentando maior concentração interna de CO2, número de folhas, massa seca de caule, espessura da casca do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais (SST) da polpa e razão sólidos solúveis totais por acidez titulável (SST/AT). O P. edulis auto enxertado sob condições de salinidade, desenvolve mecanismos vitais (SST e SST/AT), que atenuam os efeitos do estresse salino na qualidade físico-química dos frutos.